References

Works Cited

Charry, Eric S. Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2012. Print. Hip hop Africa goes in depth into the recent explosion of rap music in various African countries. Charry speaks about how this explosion occurred, its effects on the youth, and how it fits in with other popular genres such as reggae and gospel music.

Forman, Murray. "'Represent': Race, Space and Place in Rap Music." Popular Music 19.1 (200): 65-90. JSTOR. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/853712>. This article examines rap in America. The paper examines how rap formed, in relation to the socio-economic space that it emerges, and how it spreads as a result of that. It traces rap’s journey across the United States and the different ways in which new genres, labels, sounds, styles, and meanings are formed as a result of the place and people who are ‘nurturing’ the music.

Henderson, E. A. "Black Nationalism and Rap Music." Journal of Black Studies 26.3 (1996): 308-39. JSTOR. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784825>. Errol A. Henderson traces the nationalist origins of rap music and how it has developed over the past several decades. Henderson predicts where rap music is going, and gives insight into how we can change the negatives aspects of rap. Henderson promotes a migration back to raps ‘Afrocentric roots’ in order to get away from the gangster rap that has come about recently in America. Henderson states that rappers should do this in order to “become a base for African centered politico-economic and cultural development.”

Ibrahim, Awad El Karim M. "Becoming Black: Rap and Hip-Hop, Race, Gender, Identity, and the Politics of ESL Learning." TESOL QUARTERLY Critical Approaches To TESOL 33.3 (1999): 349--69. JSTOR. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3587669>. This paper, by Awad El Karim M. Ibrahim, looks ethnologically at black immigrants in America and how they are shaped into ‘becoming black.’ He defines ‘black’ by the stereotypes widely broadcasted in popular culture, mainly in rap music. The article goes in depth into how black people in America, especially black youth, are shaped and transformed by rap music and in turn how they identify with the music.

Sullivan, Rachel E. "Rap and Race: It's Got a Nice Beat, but What about the Message?"    Journal of Black Studies 33.5 (2003): 605-22. JSTOR. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.   <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180978>. Rachel Sullivan studies the way in which rap music spread through various adolescent ethnic groups in America. She looks     at when each different racial group was affected by rap music, and how they were affected by the music. She makes distinctions between white and black         adolescents views on rap music and what their preferences are.